Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning stem Essay Example For Students

Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning stem Essay argumentative persuasive Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning Some biotechnology companies claim that a ban on producing human embryos through cloning would stall important research in generating stem cells to cure a variety of diseases Cong. Record, 2/5/98, S425. To put this claim in perspective: 1. Cloning is desired as a source of customized stem cell lines which would be an exact genetic match to each individual patient with a given disease. But this would require each individual patient to undergo somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce one or many living human embryos who genetically are the patients identical twin sisters or brothers. We will write a custom essay on Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning stem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These embryos would then be destroyed to provide embryonic stem cells. Two methods of obtaining the cells have been described. In one, the embryo is allowed to develop normally for a week or two to the blastocyst stage, at or after the usual time of implantation in the mothers womb; then this embryo, consisting of hundreds of cells, is dissected for its stem cells. The other method is to introduce molecular signals into the embryos environment to trick its cells into departing from normal development and instead producing a mass of undifferentiated tissue, which can then be reprogrammed into various kinds of cells Lee Silver, Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World (Avon Books 1997), p. 128. In either case, the living embryo is destroyed. 2. This avenue for providing medical benefits has been described even by supporters as largely conjectural (J. Kassirer and N. Rosenthal, in New England Journal of Medicine, March 26, 1998, p. 905). President Clintons National Bioethics Advisory Commission called it a rather expensive and far-fetched scenario. The Commission observed: Because of ethical and moral concerns raised by the use of embryos for research purposes it would be far more desirable to explore the direct use of human cells of adult origin to produce specialized cells or tissues for transplantation into patients. The Commission outlined three alternative avenues for promising research using stem cells that do not involve human cloning, two of which do not use human embryos at all (Cloning Human Beings: Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, June 1997, pp. 30-31). The Commissions Alternatives The alternatives outlined by President Clintons Commission are as follows: 1. Generating a few, widely used and well characterized human embryonic stem cell lines, genetically altered to prevent graft rejection in all possible recipients. This would raise its own ethical objections because it may involve producing and destroying some human embryos at the outset; but it does not require somatic cell nuclear transfer, or the creating and destroying of genetically related embryos for each individual patient. 2. Stimulating proliferation and differentiation of the quiescent stem cells which are known to exist in many adult tissues, including even the nervous system. Such stem cells could be customized to each individual patient and would not be from embryonic sources. 3. Identifying methods by which somatic cells could be de-differentiated and then re-differentiated along a particular path. This would permit the growth of specialized cells compatible with a specific individual person for transplantation. While at present this option is considered speculative, its feasibility is now enhanced by the central finding of the research that produced Dolly the sheep: An adult body cell can be de-differentiated surprisingly easily and regressed all the way back to a stage at which it can provide the nucleus for a new developing embryo. The question is: Can this regression be done to a point short of this, so an adult cell becomes the basis for cells that are like embryonic stem cells but never came from an embryo? .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .postImageUrl , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:hover , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:visited , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:active { border:0!important; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:active , .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204 .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc81f4bfddf9af1203b789246359d1204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George brenard shaw EssayOther Alternatives (not explicitly cited by the Commission) 4. There are other promising sources of pluripotent (not embryonic) stem cells for treatment of disease. One example is hematopoietic (blood cell producing) stem cells from bone marrow or even from the umbilical cord blood in live births. These cells are already widely used in cancer treatment and in research on treating leukemia and other blood diseases. Their versatility was recently found to be even greater than once thought. For example, given .

The Chac Mool Statues of Mexico

The Chac Mool Statues of Mexico A Chac Mool is a very specific type of Mesoamerican statue associated with ancient cultures such as the Aztecs and Maya. The statues, made of different types of stone, depict a reclined man holding a tray or bowl on his belly or chest. Much is unknown about the origin, significance, and purpose of the Chac Mool statues, but ongoing studies have proven a strong link between them and Tlaloc, Mesoamerican god of rain and thunder. Appearance of the Chac Mool Statues The Chac Mool statues are easy to identify. They depict a reclining man with his head turned ninety degrees in one direction. His legs are generally drawn up and bent at the knees. He is almost always holding a tray, bowl, altar, or other recipient of some kind. They often are reclined on rectangular bases: when they are, the bases usually contain fine stone inscriptions. Iconography related to water, the ocean and/or Tlaloc, the rain god can often be found on the bottom of the statues. They were carved from many different sorts of stone available to Mesoamerican masons. In general, they are roughly human-sized, but examples have been found which are larger or smaller. There are differences between Chac Mool statues as well: for example, the ones from Tula and Chichà ©n Itz appear as young warriors in battle gear whereas one from Michoacn is an old man, nearly naked. The Name Chac Mool Although they were obviously important to the ancient cultures that created them, for years these statues were ignored and left to weather the elements at ruined cities. The first serious study of them took place in 1832. Since then, they have been viewed as cultural treasures and studies on them have increased. They got their name from the French archeologist Augustus LePlongeon in 1875: he dug one up in Chichà ©n Itz and mistakenly identified it as a depiction of an ancient Maya ruler whose name was â€Å"Thunderous Paw,† or Chaacmol. Although the statues have been proven to have no relation to Thunderous Paw, the name, slightly changed, has stuck. Dispersion of the Chac Mool Statues Chac Mool statues have been found at several important archaeological sites but are curiously missing from others. Several have been found at the sites of Tula and Chichà ©n Itza and several more have been located in different excavations in and around Mexico City. Other statues have been found at smaller sites including Cempoala and at the Maya site of Quirigu in present-day Guatemala. Some major archaeological sites have yet to yield a Chac Mool, including Teotihuacn and Xochicalco. It is also interesting that no representation of the Chac Mool appears in any of the surviving Mesoamerican Codices. Purpose of the Chac Mools The statues - some of which are quite elaborate - obviously had an important religious and ceremonial uses for the different cultures that created them. The statues had a utilitarian purpose and were not, in themselves, worshiped: this is known because of their relative positions within the temples. When located in temples, the Chac Mool is nearly always positioned between the spaces associated with the priests and that associated with the people. It is never found in the back, where something revered as a deity would be expected to rest. The purpose of the Chac Mools was generally as a place for sacrificial offerings for the gods. These offering could consist of anything from foodstuffs like tamales or tortillas to colorful feathers, tobacco or flowers. The Chac Mool altars also served for human sacrifices: some had cuauhxicallis, or special recipients for the blood of sacrificial victims, while others had special tà ©hcatl altars where humans were ritualistically sacrificed. The Chac Mools and Tlaloc Most of the Chac Mool statues have an obvious link to Tlaloc, the Mesoamerican rain god and an important deity of the Aztec pantheon. On the base of some of the statues can be seen carvings of fish, seashells and other marine life. On the base of the Pino Suarez and Carranza Chac Mool (named after a Mexico City intersection where it was dug up during road work) is the face of Tlaloc himself surrounded by aquatic life. A most fortunate discovery was that of a Chac Mool at the Templo Mayor excavation in Mexico City in the early 1980s. This Chac Mool still had much of its original paint on it: these colors only served to further match the Chac Mools to Tlaloc. One example: Tlaloc was depicted in the Codex Laud with red feet and blue sandals: the Templo Mayor Chac Mool also has red feet with blue sandals. Enduring Mystery of the Chac Mools Although much more is known now about the Chac Mools and their purpose, some mysteries remain. Chief among these mysteries is the origin of the Chac Mools: they are found at Postclassic Maya sites such as Chichà ©n Itz and Aztec sites near Mexico City, but it is impossible to tell where and when they originated. The reclining figures likely do not represent Tlaloc himself, who is usually depicted as being more gruesome: they could be warriors who carry the offerings to the gods they were intended for. Even their real name – what the natives called them – has been lost to time. Sources: Desmond, Lawrence G. Chacmool. Là ³pez Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo Là ³pez Lujan. Los Mexicas y el Chac Mool. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol. IX - Num. 49 (May-June 2001).

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community - Essay Example My notion of community was confined to this setting and usually my mind wandered to the rural area or the countryside with old folks and relatives doing small jobs at home. Champion swimmers are Olympians who win gold medals. To me that was a fact that was always at the back of my mind. They compete to win but are a rare kind of people and they don’t compose a community. They are single individuals, motivated and driven to win but are never living together, or concentrated in a geographic area. A community is different – it is a group of individuals with a common objective and situated in the same place. This opinion is just an opinion which later turned out to be wrong when I came to love the world of sports, particularly swimming. As I grew older in knowledge and spirit, I came to believe that a community is not confined to a small group in one geographic location. Community and sports can be joined together. Swimmers can be one community, people who connect to each other just like other individuals with the same hobby and likes in life. Chess players socialize and connect with other chess players in far places of the globe. Basketball players play hard to get that championship trophy but they form a community of real athletes who must have the stamina, physical endurance and, above all, teamwork. Swimmers love to talk and be with swimmers. We enjoy reading the lives of Olympian swimmers, their hardships and pains, and their successes. The world of sports is as big as the world itself, and swimmers who come from all walks of life can be a community. In my younger years, few dull thoughts formed in my young mind – that I was not made to win and that I would not belong to a sports community. As I learned to swim, I realized I was part of a community, even if that community is composed of people who do not know each other

Homlessness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homlessness - Research Paper Example adequate nighttime residence; and an individual who has a primary nighttime residence that is – a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations †¦ an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized or a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings† (Federal, 2009). In other words, a homeless person is someone who does not have a regular, personal, secure place to sleep at night on a regular basis. This definition would also include people who live in their cars as this is not a ‘fixed’ location nor is it a place ‘designed for †¦ regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.’ This discussion will examine the homelessness issue including why and what type of people become homeless. It will also review agencies and programs offering assistance to individuals and f amilies living on the street. Thanks to recent public awareness campaigns by private and government agencies such as the National Coalition for the Homeless and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development respectively, long-standing societal stereotypes of the homeless are gradually evaporating. Images of creatively clothed white-bearded old men leaning against an alley wall clutching a bottle wrapped in a brown paper bag have morphed into a family living in their car or a single mother and her children living in a shelter (Marsh & Kennett, 1999). This changing image of the homeless hasn’t come fast enough, though, to increase the level of awareness among the general population, creating a situation in which many of the nation’s homeless children go without necessary services and are forced to repeat the cycle into their own adulthood (Martijn & Sharpe, 2006). It is a matter of fact that the estimated half a million children that, at any one time, is homeless in America and their mothers r epresent

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment Example This means that the test subjects wont necessarily be representative of the population. Random assignment means assigning test subjects to different treatments in the study. Randomization is the best way of making sure that the necessary control in the study is present. They are related to both internal and external validities as they increase both. Internal validity is the validity of the effect discovered in the study, and external validity is the validity in which the cause-effect relationship holds up when measurements are changed. The randomization increases both validities. a. Threats to the validity of the research about the two school groups include the fact that the number of students in each group isnt specified, and if it isnt above 30- the research isnt valid since at least 30 test subjects are needed to conduct a test on statistical hypotheses (even more according to different, more rigid approaches). A way to increase the external validity in this subject is to increase the number of test subjects in each group as much as possible, so that the results are as accurate and representative as possible, and also in order for them to be at least over 30, which is the agreed upon number of test subjects needed in a group in order to be able to test the validity of hypotheses. b. The threat to the validity of the study is mainly that the teacher had a pretest and a posttest for classes A and B while only having the posttest for classes C and D. it is impossible to deduce from this that the former classes are superior to the latter ones because of the introduction of the new materials and methods. She should have done both tests on all classes. Furthermore, there is a need to control possible intervening variables to make sure that there is a statistical link between these new materials and methods to the score achieved in the post test (the link can be a correlation and then it wouldnt be legitimate

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction: Development of the electricity generation grew rapidly from age to age. Electricity generation is a process that generate electric energy from other form of energy, most of the major company that give an electric supply in Malaysia using Non-Renewable source to generate the electricity such as diesel and coal. Diesel and coal will be used to operate the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generating the electricity. Power creation is the biggest and fastest-growing resource of international power demand bigger than the amount of primary power used in the transport and residential/. Demand for electricity keeps rising in all areas around the globe. Inhabitants and financial development are two significant factors, just as they are for the estimated need development in other powers. But with electricity there is an additional aspect at work: the change to electricity from other types of power, such as oil or biomass for lighting style and warming in the home, or fossil fuel in the professional industry. Electricity can be generating using a generator. This generator will have two main components, rotor and stator. It was similar to the motor construction. The EMF produced by Faradays law of induction due to comparative movement of copper with a permanent magnetic field in the electric generator turbines. When a permanent magnetic is shifted comparative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive power will exist. If the cable is linked through an electric product, current will flow and thus electric power is produced, transforming the technical power of movement to electric power 1.2 Problem Statement In recent of the years, the use of non-renewable resources to generate electricity is very high. Cost to generate an electricity will be high to buy the resources to do the generation of the electric power, the pollution will be occur when the generation process. There are several methods to do the generation of electric power using renewable resources, such as windmill, solar, hydro and etc. the problem for this method is the cost to build a dam for hydro is too high, suitable places for windmill and material for solar panel is expensive also. Nowadays there have invented several product of mini generator set and its already in the market. This product was in two men handling and portable, its using an engine to rotate the turbine to generate the electricity. But this product is only give the portability with a small size, this product has to use the fuel to run the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generate the electrical power. Its still not solving the main problem, the cost and the pollution problem. Aim The main aim of this project is to implement the regeneration of electric power using motor and generator. Objective 1. Learning Objectives Learn about AC and DC Current and conversion of type of the electrical energy. Learn how to generate an electrical energy. How the generator generate an electrical energy. Knowledge base on power generation, types of power and also have a skill to handle the machine that will generate the electricity. 2. System Objectives To design the inverter circuit for charging the battery To develop the battery charging circuit To generate the AC power to operate the load 3. Application Objectives Military : Give a power supply when they are out of the grid. Home appliances purpose : Give an backup power when the main power supply is have an problem Small Consumer : Give a power supply to the market vendor without using an ordinary generator set Research methodology: List down the general idea and sketch the main part of the general idea. Construct a block diagram based on the general idea to see how the system works. Choose the component and collect the technical data about the entire component that will be used in this project. Test the component and device to sure it works properly to get less error in testing full design of the project. Choosing and appropriate software that will be used to simulate the circuit that will be design in the project, do a test in bread board to see the error for troubleshooting purpose before fixed the circuit on PCB board. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Theoretical Background Electrical power that generated usually is an alternating current (AC). However, some kind of electrical generation and storage device produce direct current (DC). AC current is an electric charge that move periodically reverses direction, the movement usually in sine wave but in certain application a different waveform are use such as triangular waveform and square waveform. This AC current commonly used at the industry, commercial and small consumer than DC current. Electric power is saved consistently in electro-chemical ties within battery power that power plenty of convenient and lightweight devices. However, battery power dont range very well. They are minor when it comes to saving power for transport and theyre even more minor when it comes to lines power. If we can store electrical power from public utility generation features effectively. We could increase the performance of electrical programs. We could decrease our dependency on ineffective and damaging peak-shaving generating plants. We also could significantly decrease the occurrence of power shutdowns because source power would always be present when needed. Electricity is the statistical product of two amounts current and current. These two amounts can differ with regard to time or can be known as AC power or can be kept at continuous levels or can be known as DC power. Most appliances, air conditioning, pushes and commercial equipment use AC power whereas most computers and electronic equipment use DC power. AC power has the advantage of being easy to convert between currents and is able to be produced and utilized by brushless equipment. DC power remains the only viable option in electronic systems and can be more cost-effective to deliver over long ranges at very high currents. The capability to quickly convert the current of AC energy is important for two factors. First of all, energy can be passed on over long ranges with less reduction at greater currents. So in the energy systems where creation is far away from the fill, it is suitable to step-up the current of energy at the creation factor and then step-down the current near the fill. Secondly, it is often more cost-effective to set up generators that generate greater currents than would be used by most equipment, so the capability to quickly convert currents indicates this mismatch between currents can be quickly handled. Direct current (DC) is a unidirectional flow of the electric charge, this type of current is produces by sources such as batteries, solar cell etc. this type of current also can flow through the conductor as same as an AC current, and also can flow through semiconductor, insulator etc. DC current can be produce by rectifying an AC current trough the electronic circuit arrangement. 2.1.1 Generation of Electric Power Power Engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors and power electronics. The power grid is an electrical network that connects a variety of electric generators to the users of electric power. Users purchase electricity from the grid avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather t han pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical. Today, most grids adopt three-phase electric power with alternating current. This choice can be partly attributed to the ease with which this type of power can be generated, transformed and used. Often, the power is split before it reaches residential customers whose low-power appliances rely upon single-phase electric power. However, many larger industries and organizations still prefer to receive the three-phase power directly because it can be used to drive highly efficient electric motors such as three-phase induction motors. Transformers play an important role in power transmission because they allow power to be converted to and from higher voltages. This is important because higher voltages suffer less power loss during transmission. This is because higher voltages allow for lower current to deliver the same amount of power, as power is the product of the two. Thus, as the voltage steps up, the current steps down. It is the current flowing through the components that result in both the losses and the subsequent heating. These losses, appearing in the form of heat, are equal to the current squared times the electrical resistance through which the current flows, so as the voltage goes up the losses are dramatically reduced. For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

Comparing Apocalypse Now by Franice Coppola and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad :: Literature Francis Coppola Joseph Conrad Essays

Comparing Apocalypse Now by Franice Coppola and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Francis Coppola’s Apocalypse Now was inspired by Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness that informs the film throughout. A comparison and contrast can be made between the two. Both have the same themes but entirely different settings. Heart of Darkness takes place on the Congo River in the Heart of Africa while Apocalypse Now is set in Vietnam. The stock characters in both have the same general personalities but have different names. Of course, Kurtz is Kurtz, Willard parallels Marlow, and the American photojournalist corresponds to the Russian Harlequin. Willard is a lieutenant for the US Army and Marlow is a captain of a steamboat of an ivory company. The first images of Willard and Marlow differ to some degree. The movie begins with Willard lying in an apartment room lost from reality with the song ‘The End’ playing by The Doors. He is haunted by his earlier deeds and he is getting very drunk. Willard smashes the mirror while fighting himself and cuts his hand. He collapses on the bed weeping. Marlow is portrayed as a wanderer of the sea. The narrator described him to somewhat of a hero. Their mission is to find Kurtz and take him down at all costs. In both stories Kurtz is a psychotic rebel, worshipped as a god, who threatens the stability of his original unit, but in one it is an ivory trading company and in the other it is the US Army. Kurtz, who had begun his assignment a man of great idealism and the highest morals, had become strangely savage. Tribes of natives worship the man who lives in a hut surrounded by fence posts topped with recently acquired human skulls. Kurtz has undergone a total breakdown of the physical, psychological, and spiritual. Along the trip into the wilderness, Willard and Marlow discover their true selves through contact with savage natives. As Marlow ventures further up the Congo, he feels like he is traveling back through time. He sees the unsettled wilderness and can feel the darkness of its solitu de. The movie ends quite differently than the novel. The movie ends with a spectacular scene. During a native tribe’s ritual sacrifice ceremony of a water buffalo, The Doors’ The End playing on the background, Willard finally kills Kurtz with a machete. Willard exits to find the natives begin to worship him.

Achieving Sustainable Development Through Reuse Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionAll over the universe, rapid industrial development of metropolitan metropoliss have ever resulted in a growing in population and besides in the general addition of the size of municipal solid waste generated. The direction of municipal solid waste, if non handled decently, will take to assorted jobs now and in the hereafter. Developed states in the universe have, to a big extent succeeded in managing their waste utilizing assorted rules and methods. From suited aggregation methods to technologically advanced disposal methods, they have made certain that municipal solid waste has been efficaciously controlled in their metropoliss. Unfortunately, the same can non be said about other developing states of the universe. Developing states such as Nigeria are still combating with municipal solid waste direction. As a direct consequence of the oil roar, Port Harcourt metropolis, the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria ( which is the instance survey of this research work ) has experienced a major rural- urban migration. The population has about tripled over the old ages. This has, in bend, led to a monolithic addition in the sheer volume of solid waste generated within the city.. Approximately 168,201 metric tons of solid waste are produced in the metropolis of Port Harcourt every twelvemonth and waste disposal has non been efficaciously handled. Residents resort to indiscriminate discarding of their waste at every given chance The most common agencies of waste disposal in the metropolis by the populace are chiefly by dumping the garbage by the route, firing the garbage in the unfastened air in their compounds, littering it openly on street corners and besides dumping them in rivers and watercourses and drainage systems. These methods of waste disposal contribute greatly to the debasement of the environment in so many ways. However, really small is done to recycle and recycle the solid waste generated. Research shows that a immense per centum of the public do non recycle and recycle their wastes which indicates that the awareness degree of the populace about reuse and recycling of waste in Port Harcourt metropolis is really low and offers a batch of chance fo r betterment. This survey hence investigates the grounds why proper waste disposal methods are neglected by occupants of Port Harcourt. It besides seeks to detect why the method of Reuse and Recycle of waste is non acquiring the consciousness and Government support it greatly deserves. Recommendations were made about schemes that will let the authorities and stakeholders involved to progress on modern methods of waste Reuse and Recycling as a nucleus facet of municipal solid waste direction in the metropolis. Through the usage of informations collated via questionnaires, it was gathered that a bulk of respondents agree that reuse and recycling of waste can positively impact the environment, create gross and besides employment chances. It reconnoitres the nexus between reuse and recycling of solid waste as a means to make gross and to finally accomplish sustainable development in the hereafter.DedicationTo God Almighty whose grace has brought me this far and will ne'er et me fallaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..mu na chi m so.RecognitionTITLE PAGEaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ABSTRACTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ DEDICATIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Table OF CONTENTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. List OF FIGURES AND TABLESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Table OF CONTENT Chapter 1 INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Background of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Problem StatementaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Purposes and ObjectivesaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Research QuestionsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Significance of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Scope of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Structure of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ .Chapter 22.0. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Definition of WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.2 Categorizations of WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste ManagementaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.4 Principles of Waste ManagementaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.4.1 Prevention of WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.4.2 Recovery of WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.5 Waste Composition in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 2.6 Municipal Solid Waste Management in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 2.7 Review of EU/UK ordinances on Solid Waste ManagementaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.8 Existing Environmental Policies in Nigeria/Port Harcourt ( Legal model ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.8.1 Institutional FrameworkaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.9 Reuse and Recycling of Municipal Solid WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 2.9.1 Reuse and Recycling a tool for Sustainable DevelopmentaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 2.9.2 Reuse and Recycling as an avenue for Revenue GenerationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 2.9.3 Existing province of Reuse and Recycling of MSW in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Chapter 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYMethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Reasons for pick of MethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Primary Data CollectionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Secondary Data CollectionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Analysis of ResultaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Ethical motives of Research ConsiderationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..Chapter 4RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONResultsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Risk Assessment on MSW generated in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Significant Risks of Indiscriminate waste Disposal in Port Harcourt/Health & A ; Environmental implicationsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.3 Composition of Waste in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.4 Growth and Employment through Reuse & A ; RecyclingaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.5 Discussion of ResultsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.5.1 Waste coevals and CompositionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.5.2 Methods of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and DisposalaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.6 Problems Affecting Reuse & A ; Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste in Port HarcourtaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.7 Benefits of Reuse & A ; Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste Management..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.7.1 Environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of PaperaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.7.2 Environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of PlasticsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.7.3 Environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of GlassaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.8 Overall Economic Benefit of Reuse & A ; Recycling of Municipal Solid WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.9 Demerits of Reuse & A ; Recycling of Municipal solid WasteaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ .Chapter 55.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Summary of FindingsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 5.2 RecommendationsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ConclusionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Reference aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ .

Popular Opinion of Under a Cruel Star

Popular Opinion of a Cruel Star Heda Margolius Kovaly was a woman who during her time in Czechoslovakia lived through many harsh periods for not only the country, but people of Jewish heritage as well. Her memoir Under a Cruel Star tells her story of hardship from 1941 to 1968. In this memoir she explains her time in Auschwitz, her escape, as well as life in Communist Czechoslovakia, concentrating more on the hardships of Czechoslovakia after World War II.While Kovaly’s memoir depicts the suffering of the Czechoslovakian people as well as the Slansky trials, which her first husband was a victim of, she never really touches upon the fact that many of the people tried, convicted, and killed were of Jewish decent. However, an article entitled â€Å"A ‘Polyphony of Voices’? Czech Popular Opinion and the Slansky Affair,† by Kevin McDermott depicts the suffering of the Czech people as well as the trials in a completely different manner, addressing the anti-Semiti c actions of the Czechoslovakian government under the rule of Joseph Stalin and the influence that followed his death.Both the memoir and the article explain the Slansky Trial, each with a different view. In Kovaly’s memoir her husband was one of the Jewish KSC leaders which were tried during that time. It is explained in text that her husband had no connection to Richard Slansky, but it left him questioning the years of devotion he made to the communist government. While the Kovaly perspective shows an outsiders view of what was happening to Slansky McDermott’s article explains why and how Slansky was brought to trial.The article explains how Slansky was a very powerful leader in the KSC party, â€Å"he was effectively second in command to Gottwald, responsible for the day-to-day running of the party machine and co-responsible for formulating policy and strategic direction†¦ He was a member of the party’s top decision-making- bodies. † Stalin sent a letter to Gottwald stating that he had â€Å"committed a number of errors† in promoting leading personnel which has caused a threat to the party and the people and advised him to remove Slansky. This could have been caused through a change in geopolitical support In the Middle East.This could infer that Stalin’s increasing anti-Semitic tendencies impacted Czechoslovakia. Other than the fact that both Kovaly and Slansky were Jewish another reason for their demise was their different view on the communist ideal. When Heda tries to beg her husband to leave his government position he responds by saying â€Å"if all the decent people leave now, things will get worse. † Leaders like Slansky and Kovaly believed in the communist party actually as one for the people, they did not take huge bribes or look out for only themselves.They worked to do good for the party and the people. However, the Czech economy was failing, there was widespread social discontent and with tha t brought demonstrations and strikes. â€Å"Workers universally cursed the fact that everything is dear and wages are low†¦ A year ago salami cost 8 crowns and today it’s 28 crowns. † The government needed a scapegoat and Slansky (mainly him) as well as many Jewish officials were the perfect people to blame. Vzpominky Goldstucker actually spoke about Slansky saying â€Å"†¦He was cleverer than all the others so they had to get rid of him. †When the arrest of Kovaly’s husband took place and her friends and family found out, people purposefully avoided her and severed all contact with her. The government had effectively influenced people to fear going against them by staging arrests and trials such as Kovaly’s husband. A lot of what Kovaly writes in her memoir shows her being ostracized by society. Her husband’s arrest was one of those times. She wrote that people would spit at her and other people who were like her were stoned. At t his point in her memoir she doesn’t mention any anti-Semitic acts, only the ostracized effect that came with her â€Å"traitorous† husband’s arrest.When the trials began Heda was hospitalized due to her being sick of sleep deprivation, malnutrition, and stress, while she was in the hospital she heard her husband present a statement on the radio. Hearing his â€Å"flat and halting† voice leads her to believe that he is repeating a written statement which he was forced to memorize. Both Kovaly and McDermott touch on this subject of torture and forced statements. McDermott writes that the conduct of the court hearings came under criticism among citizens. Some people are saying that they have the impression that the trial is a show rehearsed in advance†¦ because the accused reply so fluently as if they are reading their statement. † Slansky was forced to do the same thing. He originally apologized for allowing some wrong people to make it through t he government ladder, but denied ever being traitorous, that was until the secret police began to interrogate him. They used a series of â€Å"physical and psychological pressures bordering on torture† which finally influence him to confess his â€Å"guilt†.While both Kovaly and McDermott addressed the torture that some of the prisoners received to influence their confession, Heda addressed a personal experience focusing only on her husband while McDermott’s article addresses several sources as well as explained deeper detail why the torture was used. With the regime change it was written that â€Å"The Death of Stalin Means Death to Communists. † The regime changed in 1956 and Kovaly writes that Nikita Kruschev gains power and criticizes Stalin’s reign. Quickly satellite nations begin releasing prisoners and declare them to be rehabilitated.The party even admitted that confessions were forced through torture, drugs, and psychological manipulation. The article does defend these points which Kovaly is making as well as takes it one step further by explaining some of the signs citizens were apparently posting in the towns. Even though Stalin was dead his anti-Semitic influence was not. An example would be an inscription found on the ground floor of a residential block which read â€Å"DEATH TO THE JEWISH TRAITORS-TO JEWS, GOTWALD AND THE JOINT- WE WANT A NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. † Although not mentioned by Heda Kovaly, hatred towards Jewish people was still present after Stalin’s death.People were influenced to believe that it was Jewish leaders fault for the hurt economy which is why many jokes, comments, and almost fighting broke out. Although the extreme hatred towards Jewish people was un-intentionally publicly created it grew to something that the government could almost not control. While Kovaly’s memoir depicts the suffering of the Czechoslovakian people as well as the Slansky trials, which her first hus band was a victim of, she never really touches upon the fact that many of the people tried, convicted, and killed were of Jewish decent.However, Kevin McDermott depicts the suffering of the Czech people as well as the trials in a completely different manner, addressing the anti-Semitic actions of the Czechoslovakian government under the rule of Joseph Stalin and the influence that followed his death. This difference in historical focus during the same time period happens because Kovaly is writing on personal experience while McDermott is not. His research however does allow weight to be brought to the experiences which Kovaly is writing by showing detail which she is missing.Still, Kovaly’s work does lack the reference of anti-Semitic acts which were extremely present during that time and continuously present in the article. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. McDermott, Kevin. â€Å" , â€Å"A ‘Polyphony of Voices’? Czech Popular Opinion and the Slansky Affair,†. †Ã‚  Slavic Review. 67. no. 4 (2008): 840-865. (846) [ 2 ]. McDermott 847 [ 3 ]. McDermott 847 [ 4 ]. Kovaly, Heda. Under a Cruel Star: A Life in Prague 1941-1968. Cambridge, MA: Plunkett Lake, 1986. Print. (101) [ 5 ]. McDermott, Kevin. , â€Å"A ‘Polyphony of Voices’? Czech Popular Opinion and the Slansky Affair,†. †Ã‚  Slavic Review. 67. no. 4 (2008): 840-865. [ 6 ]. McDermott 859 [ 7 ]. Kovaly 150 [ 8 ]. Kovaly, Heda. Under a Cruel Star: A Life in Prague 1941-1968. Cambridge, MA: Plunkett Lake, 1986. Print. 170 [ 9 ]. McDermott 852 [ 10 ]. McDermott 856/857 [ 11 ]. McDermott, Kevin. â€Å", â€Å"A ‘Polyphony of Voices’? Czech Popular Opinion and the Slansky Affair,†. †Ã‚  Slavic Review. 67. no. 4 (2008): 840-865. 849 [ 12 ]. McDermott 859 [ 13 ]. McDermott 859

Multivariate Econometrics Problems and Excel

Multivariate Econometrics Problems and Excel Most economics departments require second or third year undergraduate students to complete an econometrics project and write a paper on their findings. Years later I remember how stressful my project was, so Ive decided to write the guide to econometrics term papers that I wish I had when I was a student. I hope that this will prevent you from spending many long nights in front of a computer. For this econometrics project, Im going to calculate the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in the United States. (If youre more interested in doing a simpler, univariate econometrics project, please see How to Do a Painless Econometrics Project) The marginal propensity to consume is defined as how much an agent spends when given an extra dollar from an additional dollars personal disposable income. My theory is that consumers keep a set amount of money aside for investment and emergency, and spend the rest of their disposable income on consumption goods. Therefore my null hypothesis is that MPC 1. Im also interested in seeing how changes in the prime rate influence consumption habits. Many believe that when the interest rate rises, people save more and spend less. If this is true, we should expect that there is a negative relationship between interest rates such as the prime rate, and consumption. My theory, however, is that there is no link between the two, so all else being equal, we should see no change in the level of the propensity to consume as the prime rate changes. In order to test my hypotheses, I need to create an econometric model. First well define our variables: Yt is the nominal personal consumption expenditure (PCE) in the United States.X2t is the nominal disposable after-tax income in the United States. X3t is the prime rate in the U.S. Our model is then: Yt b1 b2X2t b3X3t Where b 1, b 2, and b 3 are the parameters we will be estimating via linear regression. These parameters represent the following: b1 is the amount the level of PCE when nominal disposable after-tax income (X2t) and the prime rate (X3t) are both zero. We do not have a theory about what the true value of this parameter should be, as it holds little interest to us.b2 represents the amount PCE rises when the nominal disposable after-tax income in the United States rises by a dollar. Note that this is the definition of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), so b2 is simply the MPC. Our theory is that MPC 1, so our null hypothesis for this parameter is b2 1.b3 represents the amount PCE rises when the prime rate increases by a full percent (say from 4% to 5% or from 8% to 9%). Our theory is that changes in the prime rate do not influence consumption habits, so our null hypothesis for this parameter is b2 0. So we will be comparing the results of our model: Yt b1 b2X2t b3X3t to the hypothesized relationship: Yt b1 1*X2t 0*X3t where b 1 is a value that does not particularly interest us. To be able to estimate our parameters, well need data. The excel spreadsheet Personal Consumption Expenditure contains quarterly American Data from the 1st quarter of 1959 to the 3rd quarter of 2003. Â  All data comes from FRED II - The St. Louis Federal Reserve. Its the first place you should go for U.S. economic data. After youve downloaded the data, open up Excel, and load the file called aboutpce (full name aboutpce.xls) in whatever directory you saved it in. Then continue to the next page. Be Sure to Continue to Page 2 of How to Do a Painless Multivariate Econometrics Project Weve got the data file open we can start to look for what we need. First we need to locate our Y variable. Recall that Yt is the nominal personal consumption expenditure (PCE). Quickly scanning our data we see that our PCE data is in Column C, labeled PCE (Y). By looking at columns A and B, we see that our PCE data runs from the 1st quarter of 1959 to the final quarter of 2003 in cells C24-C180. You should write these facts down as youll need them later. Now we need to find our X variables. In our model we only have two X variables, which are X2t, disposable personal income (DPI) and X3t, the prime rate. We see that DPI is in the column marked DPI (X2) which is in Column D, in cells D2-D180 and the prime rate is in the column marked Prime Rate (X3) which is in column E, in cells E2-E180. Weve identified the data we need. We can now compute the regression coefficients using Excel. If you are not restricted to using a particular program for your regression analysis, Id recommend using Excel. Excel is missing a lot of the features a lot of the more sophisticated econometrics packages use, but for doing a simple linear regression it is a useful tool. Youre much more likely to use Excel when you enter the real world than you are to use an econometrics package, so being proficient in Excel is a useful skill to have. Our Yt data is in cells E2-E180 and our Xt data (X2t and X3t collectively) is in cells D2-E180. When doing a linear regression we need every Yt to have exactly one associated X2t and one associated X3t and so on. In this case we have the same number of Yt, X2t, and X3t entries, so were good to go. Now that we have located the data we need, we can calculate our regression coefficients (our b1, b2, and b3). Before continuing you should save your work under a different filename (I chose myproj.xls) so if we need to start over we have our original data. Now that youve downloaded the data and opened Excel, we can go onto the next section. In the next section we calculate our regression coefficients. Be Sure to Continue to Page 3 of How to Do a Painless Multivariate Econometrics Project Now onto the data analysis. Go to the Tools menu on the top of the screen. Then find Data Analysis in the Tools menu. If Data Analysis is not there, then youll have to install it. To install the Data Analysis Toolpack see these instructions. You cannot do regression analysis without the data analysis toolpack installed. Once youve selected Data Analysis from the Tools menu youll see a menu of choices such as Covariance and F-Test Two-Sample for Variances. On that menu select Regression. The items are in alphabetical order, so they shouldnt be too hard to find. Once there, youll see a form that looks like this. Now we need to fill this form in. (The data in the background of this screenshot will differ from your data) The first field well need to fill in is the Input Y Range. This is our PCE in cells C2-C180. You can choose these cells by typing $C$2:$C$180 into the little white box next to Input Y Range or by clicking on the icon next to that white box then selecting those cells with your mouse. The second field well need to fill in is the Input X Range. Here we will be inputting both of our X variables, DPI and the Prime Rate. Our DPI data is in cells D2-D180 and our prime rate data is in cells E2-E180, so we need the data from the rectangle of cells D2-E180. You can choose these cells by typing $D$2:$E$180 into the little white box next to Input X Range or by clicking on the icon next to that white box then selecting those cells with your mouse. Lastly well have to name the page our regression results will go on. Make sure you have New Worksheet Ply selected, and in the white field beside it type in a name like Regression. When thats completed, click on OK. You should now see a tab on the bottom of your screen called Regression (or whatever you named it) and some regression results. Now youve got all the results you need for analysis, including R Square, coefficients, standard errors, etc. We were looking to estimate our intercept coefficient b1 and our X coefficients b2, b3. Our intercept coefficient b1 is located in the row named Intercept and in the column named Coefficients. Make sure you jot these figures down, including the number of observations, (or print them out) as you will need them for analysis. Our intercept coefficient b1 is located in the row named Intercept and in the column named Coefficients. Our first slope coefficient b2 is located in the row named X Variable 1 and in the column named Coefficients. Our second slope coefficient b3 is located in the row named X Variable 2 and in the column named Coefficients The final table generated by your regression should be similar to the one given at the bottom of this article. Now youve got the regression results you need, youll need to analyze them for your term paper. We will see how to do that in next weeks article. If you have a question youd like answered please use the feedback form. Regression Results Observations Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept X Variable 1 X Variable 2 -13.71941.4186-9.67080.0000-16.5192-10.9197

Viewpoints on Theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Viewpoints on Theory - Coursework Example ies are concrete and narrow and constitute a limited number of offers and concepts written at a comparatively precise and concrete level (Blais et al., 2006). Some of the widely employed middle range theories are Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations, Orlando’s theory of deliberative nursing process and Watson’s theory of human caring (McEwen & Wills, 2014). All these theories have contributed to the development of evidence-based practice. Indeed, middle range theories are polished through repeated research offering a more detailed emphasis. Notably, middle range theories are predominantly well-matched to empirical testing since the particular conceptions can be operationalized without many challenges (Parker & Smith, 2010). Middle range theories specify some of the associations between concepts in nursing evidence-based practice (McEwen & Wills, 2014). In this case, middle range theories such as Watson’s theory of human caring offer an explanation on the reason and the degree to which one concept of nursing practice is associated with the other. On the other hand, middle range theories also offer predictions on the actual associations between conceptions or the effect of one concept on another (Blais et al., 2006). For instance, Orlando’s theory of deliberative nursing process addresses how alterations in the nursing process occur (Meleis,

Food win and cutler in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food win and cutler in California - Essay Example Q: Are there any set rule of table etiquettes? A: No, as long as you’re not eating with hands or in an uncivilised manner it’s fine. Q: Does Guatemalan food have any therapeutic uses? A: Not really, Guatemala is a third-world country. People are lucky to barely feed their families. However, old men sometimes consume roots in order to increase their sexual prowess. Q: Does the Guatemalan culture affect the food that you eat or the way you eat it? A: Food unifies the Guatemalans. It is always very family-oriented. Q: What are your meal cycles? A: Guatemalans eat three times a day, with breakfast or dinner being their heaviest meals. Q: How does food vary on special occasions or celebrations? A: Guatemalans celebrate Independence Day as well as Christmas and Easter, and at these occasions candied fruit as well as tamales are served with punch. Interview with a person from California: Q: What foods do people in California usually eat, or is indicative or their culture? A: F ood in the US is very diverse. The popular items for people in California include donuts, fast food (pizza, burgers, sandwiches etc.), corn as well as fresh fruit. However, there are no set foods that are indicative of this culture. People here admire diversity in their cuisine, however due to their lifestyle it is convenient to eat out or consume frozen meals. Q: Are there any set rules or table etiquettes? A: No, Americans use fork and knives when necessary. However, several foods like pizza are eaten with hand. Q: Does the food have any therapeutic uses? A: To my knowledge, no it doesn’t. Q: Does your culture affect the way you eat food or how it is prepared? A: Yes, because we’re always on the go, families don’t usually have time to eat together. Also, it is more convenient to grab a takeaway rather than cooking a meal at home. Q: What are your meal cycles? A: We eat three times a day; however there may be several snacks in between. Q: How does food vary on special occasions or celebrations? A: Turkey is served on thanksgiving, and on Christmas cookies as well as desserts are common. Most Americans love to go out to eat on special occasions. PHASE II I. Guatemala is a country which does not have a national dish; however there are several foods that have now taken a position as a portion of the everyday diet. Similar to the times of the Mayans, corn maintains its position as a staple food in Guatemala; hence it can be termed as the core food of the country. It is more or less always eaten in the form of a tortilla, or a thin corn pancake, served warm wrapped inside a cloth (Fodor's Travel Publications, 1999). Another Mayan essential are the black beans (frijoles) that are consumed in almost every meal and have a place in their staple diet. Hence, these can also be termed as the core or primary food in Guatemala. These can typically be refried (volteados), squashed, or basically eaten fully( parados). Rice, eggs, as well as cheese are al so widely eaten in Guatemala and form a part of their primary foods (Let's Go Publications, 2000). Moreover, recently characteristic Spanish dishes, in the form of enchiladas, tamales, guacamoleand tortillas, have paved their way into the Guatemalan diet. These can be included in the periphery foods. In addition, several countries and their cultures have also had an effect on the