Tuesday, December 31, 2019

adult-child interaction - 1476 Words

Universiti Sains Malaysia GTP 101/3: Child Language Development Assignment: Essay’s review regarding â€Å"The observation of adult-child interaction† Name: Farah Sharizah binti Azri Course: Speech Pathology Date of submission: 15th December 2013 During this semester, we were required to make an observation on the adult-child interaction. This review essay will explain briefly about the interaction occurred, feedback from both parties and the significant of theory in child language development. Therefore, on 4th November 2013, I had an observation at an early childhood center, SMART LITTLE BEE in Putrajaya. Smart Little Bee is not just an ordinary childhood center, the founder Miss Nor Julia bt Mohammad Nor tried to†¦show more content†¦During my observation, the theme for that week is BALL, Miss Julia explained particularly through a ball we can teach the children in physical, emotional and cognitive thinking aspects. There were different themes for each week, as an example is an apple, shoes and many more. The activities done help children to improve their skills related to everyday living such as toilet training and tied the shoes lace. Lastly, concept of auto-education in children those are capable of educating themselves through appropriate materials and activities. It is facilitative language input and behavior where educators avoid using directiveness which contain less facilitative features. Early in the morning when their parents deliver their children, Miss Julia will let the children to play whatever they want to play. After having their breakfast, the activity began at 10 o’clock. During the session, Miss Julia asked them to pick up all the toys by saying â€Å"okay kids, it is time to do activity pick up the toys and make a circle† in a rhythmic way like a song. The kids pick up their toys to where it was belong while singing along with Miss Julia the â€Å"pick-up† song. This routine had implanted in their memory motor to reflect whenever Miss Julia sing the song and how anyone would imagine that picking up the toys could be this fun? After they done, Miss Julia sit on a small chair with the kids in a circle, using low tone voice like whispering Miss Julia as ked the childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural, Economical And Social Factors That Affect The Industry Of Gelato, Ice Cream, Yogurt And2616 Words   |  11 Pagesfactors correlated with the success and survivability in the market. The typical gelato shops in Italy are characterized by its unique atmosphere imitating the European lifestyle. Its homemade frozen desserts are the center of attraction not only for adults but for all consumers of all ages. Gelato is indeed popular in Italy as it is enjoyed by all kinds of consumers (D’amico, Nevstrueva, Guan, Gon, Annini, and Yang 8). This paper aims to provide a discussion of the cultural, economical and social factorsRead MoreThe Effects Of Affective Development On Children Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment can be defined as the emergence of the emotional capacity to experience, recognize, and express a range of emotions to adequately response to emotional cues of others. Adults play a very important role in the affecti ve development in children. Now more than ever, children are being raised in a very unpredictable world. Adults are now taking on a much greater challenge when working with young children to help set the foundation for affective development. When it comes to the educational sideRead MoreChildhood Social Development Is Important Aspect880 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant aspect that impacts a child life early on, it helps them grow and communicate better in life. Socializing is always a good thing to do having your child interact with other kids helps them have a better self-esteem and helps them figure out who exactly they are. Exposing your child to socialization can be as easy as taking your child to the park, scheduling a play date, having them join a team sport or enrolling them in a head start school. In the early stages of child hood, ages three to eightRead MoreCulture, Language, Ability Diversity924 Words   |  4 Pagesyou can get from observations. The purpose of observation is to understand the child and their developmental progress. You are able to observe all developmental domains in the classroom. You can observe physical development from fine motor to gross motor activities. You can also see the interactions with peers and adults as well as their interactions with their classroom materials and environment. These interactions allow us to watch the child’s communication, explorations, problem solving, movementRead MoreThe And Interactions Between People With Different Relationships Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesand communicative interactions between people with different relationships. We focused on proximity, loudness and eye contact in our observations as key variables in our analysis due to their ease in terms of observability. Considering our lack of knowled ge of the Chinese language, we were limited in our options; thus we believed it would be most appropriate for us to analyze more nonverbal rather than verbal communicative patterns. Our first observation focused on interactions between family membersRead MoreLanguage Learning Is Innate Or Learned Through Social Interactions1562 Words   |  7 Pageslearning is innate or learned through social interactions (Atwood, 2016). This is the nature versus nurture debate, in which the nativist view states that language is built in whereas the social interactionist view states that exposure to practice is required for language learning (Atwood, 2016). In my perspective, social interactions are vital for children to develop their language abilities. There are various social factors which come into play to assist a child in learning, for example, culture, conventionsRead MoreWatching The Video On Child Interactions Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout watching the video on Child interacti ons it was a real eye opener. There are a lot more interactions that can happen with children than I thought that there could be. Now after watching the video and learning a lot about the different interactions, I look forward to being able to apply that in lab and in daily encounters with children. I think it will strengthen me for future interactions with children as a teacher. The first one was Watch and listen to children. This one is importantRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory On Children s Cognitive Development1507 Words   |  7 Pageshelps a child grow. Jean Piaget s theory was shaped through the thinking and understanding of how knowledge is built through a series of four stages; preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational and concrete operational. He believed that the development was with the child themselves. On the contrary, Lev Vygotsky s theory is shaped through adult social interactions and cultural roles. He believed that a child s development is met based on their social environment and interactions with adultsRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Internalisation1709 Words   |  7 Pagesin social interaction defined as, â€Å"new ways of thinking† (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individuals thinking is successively transformed by interaction with others, similarly to the concept developed by Piaget, Vygotsky also characterised children as â€Å"active agents in their development†. (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). As explained by Vygotsky in his theory, he suggests that development of a child can be attained socially as the child being theRead MoreVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky (1934 – 1987) Vygotsky perspective on sociocultural1000 Words   |  4 Pagessocial surroundings and how they are passed from generation to generation. Vygotsky sates that social interaction is very important and how children socialise with each other in cooperative play and how they use communication with extended people who surround them in society. It is how children obtain ways of how their thoughts and actions in a community of different cultures. Vygotsky states that adults that are very knowledgeable as well as their peers can assist children to build the skills for culturally

Monday, December 23, 2019

Containment Strategies During The Cold War - 1084 Words

Paul Gornati Tibbles / Schreiber English 6,7 / American Cultures 10 27 February 2017 Containment Strategies in the Cold War During the Cold War, communism was spreading. The three presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy needed a way to stop it from spreading. All Three turned to the idea of containment. Ayers, et al. defines containment as a Policy by George F. Kennan, that started in the late 1940’s and was created to stop the spread of communism by providing economic aid, and military aid to countries opposing the Soviets. All three cold war presidents had similarities and differences in the way they dealt with stopping the spread of communism. All of them used the idea of containment, but Truman focused more on economic aid,†¦show more content†¦In 1949 the US and six other counties joined the original five countries to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, otherwise known as NATO. â€Å"According to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an armed attack against one of the member nations would be considered an attack against all. NATO is how Truman used Military Use. Those policies, plans, and organizations all played a part in how Truman helped contain communism. But Eisenhower did things a little differently. The Next President to deal with the spread of Communism was Dwight D. Eisenhower, the thirty-fourth president of the US. In the Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower takes about an action that he proposes. â€Å"It would, first of all, authorize the United States to cooperate with and assist any nation or group of nations in the general area of the Middle East in the development of economic strength dedicated to the maintenance of national independence.† (Eisenhower) That is reasoning of economic aid to other countries. In the Eisenhower doctrine he also states that this action would allow the executive to undertake in the same region programs of military aid, and cooperation with any nation which needs the military aid. After Eisenhower became president in 1953, he began to think of a theory called the domino theory. This was the idea that if a country fell toShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when itRead MoreThe World Of A Totalitarian Communist Post War World1352 Words   |  6 PagesWWII Europe was a dystopian world razed by the chaos of the war. In the aftermath, the only two countries in the world left standing that were still considered superpowers were Soviet Russia and the United States. Tension between the two countries was thick. The US saw Russia as the main obstacle in the way of a democratic capitalistic post war world, and Russia saw the US as the main obstacle in the way of a totalitarian communist post war world. The only similarity between the views of the two countriesRead MoreThe Cold War Era During World War II1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War Era that followed the end of World War II was unlike any Americans had seen before. After defeating Germany and its allies in the war, the United States faced a change on the home front: young Americans rushed into marriage and parenthood in unprecedented numbers. In Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, Elaine Tyler May describes these changes from the end of the war through the early 1960s. The author makes a compelling range of arguments about the changes that affectedRead MoreThe War And The Spanish Civil War987 Words   |  4 PagesBoth conflicts show that civil war was not the limit of the atrocities people were willing to commit in order to stop the influence of opposing ideologies. In both the Cold War and the Spanish Civil War the most significant air operations were carried in order to stop the spread of C ommunism. One of the factors that prompted the U.S. into dropping the atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima was to stop the war in Japan as soon as possible. Many of Truman’s advisers, such as James F. Byrnes supportedRead MoreArchitect of Trumans Containment Policy: George Kennan1222 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿George Kennan was the chief architect of the containment strategy in the administration of Harry Truman, particularly as the head of the Policy Planning Staff of the State Department in 1946-49, and his policies remained in place until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Indeed, they remained in place long after he thought their usefulness had expired, since he thought that after the death of Stalin and the stalemate in Korea the Soviets were eager for dÃÆ' ©tente with the West which would enable themRead MoreThe Cold War Between The United States And The Soviet Union1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War grew out of post-World War II tensions between the United Sta tes and the Soviet Union. Although the war did not bring about large scale fighting, there remained a constant threat of a catastrophic nuclear war. During the war, the US sought to strictly limit the spread of communism through containment, an idea formulated by US diplomat George Kennan, which became the basis of Harry Truman’s foreign policy. The containment policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet UnionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union980 Words   |  4 Pageswith Adolf Hitler’s declaring war on the United States, propelled America into World War II from 1939-1945. After War World II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as world powers, and the competition for the restructuring of Europe and the world was on. In the race for economic expansion, Americans loyalty and patriotism was tested influencing an urge to conform. However, the following events such as The Cold War, Containment, Domino Theory, Containments failure, Cuban Mis sile CrisisRead MoreFrom The Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Japan In 19451498 Words   |  6 PagesBerlin Wall in 1989, the United States of America has pursued a foreign policy of containment to curb the spread of Soviet communism throughout the world. The U.S. spent billions of dollars during the Cold War period on foreign policies of containment, but is criticized that these strategies were ineffective in containing the spread of communism. In 1946, The Long Telegram, put forth by the father of the containment theory, George F. Kennan, stated that in order to defeat Soviet communism the U.SRead MoreForeign Policy Decisions Of The United States888 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of the Post-World War II era, one will find that the U.S. aimed to make pragmatic foreign policy decisions to strengthen its position in world politics. Some of these decisions may have given the U.S. economic advantages or helped spread democracy to the world. However, they were only the byproducts of a pragmatic strategy that aimed at giving the U.S. a larger sphere of influence in geopolitics over the Soviet Union. It is seen in the example of the Vietnam War that the U.S. favored a pragmaticRead MoreThe Soviet Revolution Of Ussr872 Words   |  4 Pagesisolationism right out the door; but it does not stop there. The US is also determined to stop the spread of communism, and starting in 1993 the war on terrorism. And as soon as WWII ends the Cold War starts with the USSR. 2. One of the most important presidents during the Cold War was Harry S. Truman. He set forth the notion of containment. Containment is where the US tried to contain communism in every country they could. A great fear was that of the domino effect, the belief that if one country

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Business Law. MBA 6163 Free Essays

| Assignment 1| MBA 6163 Business Law| | Wan Chin HuiMBA-CUCST/F/12//03/0005(2792 Words)| | | Table of Contents Task 13 Task 26 Task 311 References:15 Task 1 Mrs. Turner has decided to start her own business running a private day nursery. It is necessary for her to find appropriate premises. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law. MBA 6163 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She sees a detached house, which would be appropriate, on the market for ? 200. 000. After having viewed the property she decides to make a bid for the property for ? 150,000. The sellers state clearly however that they will only accept ? 180,000. Mrs. Turner then sees another property on the market for ? 250,000. She offers the asking price for this and it is accepted ‘subject to contract. ’ However a week later the sellers of the first property contact Mrs. Turner again stating that they have reconsidered are now happy to accept her bid for ? 150,000. Your supervisor has requested that you research the relevant issues and compile a report for her attention which, outlines your findings. Answer Prior to examine whether Mrs Turner has entered into two contracts, we started with the definition of â€Å"Contract†. A contract is defined in Section 2(h) of the Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"an agreement enforceable by law. In other words, a contract is an agreement which is legally binding between the parties. A legally enforceable contract requires: 1. An Offer 2. An Acceptance 3. An intention to Create legal relations 4. Consideration If any of the above is missing, then there is no contract to speak of. Section 7 of the Contracts Act 1950 states that: 7. In order to convert a proposal into a promise the acceptance must: a. Be absolute and unqualified; b. Be expressed in some usual and reasonable manner, unless the proposal prescribes the manner in which it is to be accepted. If the proposal prescribes a manner in which it is to be accepted, and the acceptance is not made in that manner, the proposer may, within a reasonable time after the acceptance is communicated to him, insists that his proposal shall be accepted in the prescribed manner, and not otherwise; but, if he fails to do so, he accepts the acceptance. For the first property (market price of 200,000) that Mrs. Turner had viewed and offered a bid price of ? 150,000, the seller had rejected the offered and state clearly that they will only accept ? 180,000. From Contracts Act 1950, acceptance must be absolute and unqualified so that there is complete consensus. If the parties are still negotiating, an agreement is not yet formed. However a week later the sellers of the first property contact Mrs. Turner again stating that they have reconsidered and are now happy to accept her bid for ? 150,000. From the case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] 3 BEAV 344-49 ER 132: The defendant offered to sell his estate to the plaintiff on 6 Jun for ? 1000. On 8 Jun, in reply, the plaintiff made a counter-proposal to purchase at ? 950. When the defendant refused to accept this offer on 27 June, the plaintiff wrote again that he was prepared to pay the original sum demanded. The court held that no contract existed between them. The plaintiff had rejected the original proposal on 8 Jun so that he was no longer capable of accepting it later. Draw from the case above, the seller of the first property has no longer capable to accept Mrs Turner bid for ? 150,000. Mrs. Turner is eligible to view the property again if she suspects there is a hindered defect on that property where cause the seller willing to drop the price after a weeks. Hence, Mrs. Turner may counter-proposal to purchase at a lower price than ? 150,000. For the second property (market price of 250,000), Mrs. Turner offered the same bid price of 150,000 and seller accepted the offer but â€Å"subject to contract†. Where acceptance is qualified by words such as â€Å"subject to contract†, the courts would be inclined to hold in the absence of strong and exceptional circumstances to the contrary that there is but a mere conditional contract. To both parties which is seller of second property and Mrs. Turner, the terms â€Å"subject to contract† actually is a secure way to protect both of their benefit. For Mrs Turner, this means that she can pull out of the deal anytime if, for example, a survey shows up a defect or she might found another favorable property – though she can pull out for any reason. For the seller of second property, it would have allowed them to pulls out of a deal if they have had a higher offer. It must be noted that the mere use of the words â€Å"subject to contract† does not necessarily mean that the contract is not yet binding. Whether the parties contemplated a binding contract to take immediate effect or whether they were postponing their rights and obligations under the proposed contract until formalization is a question of fact and depends on the circumstances of each case. Task 2 Mrs. Turner has now purchased a suitable property and is now purchasing the necessary items required to run her nursery. She looks on a website and sees cots and high chairs advertised for sale by a company named Babies R Us, on the 1st October 2003, requesting twenty cots and twenty high chairs, requesting a reply by the 21st November 2003. She received a reply by post, confirming the order, on the 1st December 2003. This was postmarked 20th November. However on the 30th November, Mrs. Turner had assumed that Babies R Us were unlikely to reply and therefore, entered into a contract with a rival company. Mrs. Turner has made an appointment to see you to gain advice relating to the above problem. Equally, she would appreciate some advice relating to the formation of contracts by e-mail. Answer A contract offer has only been accepted when the acceptance is brought to the attention of the offeror. The development of methods of communicating over distances, and the associated reliability problems, the case often arises when the offeree has dispatched an acceptance which either is never received by the offeror or arrives after the expiry of the offer. Section 4(2)(a) of the Contracts Act 1950 provides that the communication of acceptance is complete as against the proposer when it is put in a course of transmission to him so as to be out of the power of the acceptor. With respect to the acceptor, Section 4(2)(b) of the Contract Act 1950 (Malaysia) provides that the communication fo acceptance is complete as against the acceptor (offeree) when it comes to the knowledge of the proposer (offeror). Mrs. Turner sends an offer to Baby R Us through email and requesting a reply by 21st November 2003. However, Mrs. Turner doesn’t stipulate the method of acceptance shall be by email or postal way. If no method of communicating acceptance is stipulated, the starting-point is that acceptance is made using the same method of communication as the offeror. However, any reasonable way of replying will normally form a contract, the responsibility being on the person accepting to ensure that communication is effective. Lord Denning gave some examples in the following case. Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1955): He said that if two people are walking along either side of a river and a message shouted is obliterated by the sound of a passing aircraft, it is necessary to repeat the message until the person speaking is sure that the message is heard. Similarly if a telephone line goes dead, it is necessary to redial and ensure that the message has been received. The burden on communication of acceptance is therefore firmly on the offeree in normal circumstances, and acceptance is effective on receipt. In Entores, a Dutch company accepted an offer by an English company, and the issue arose of where the contract was formed. It was held to have been formed in England, since that is where the acceptance was received by telex. From Mrs. Turner’s cases, Baby R Us shall reply the acceptance of order to her via email instead of postal method. To consider whether acceptance via the post is reasonable, following factors should be considered: * Whether the offer was made by letter. If so, then it is usually acceptable to reply by letter, unless the offer specifically says that the post may not be used – see case Yates Building v Pulleyn (1975): The offeror asked for acceptance to be by letter using registered or recorded delivery. The letter was sent by normal delivery, but it made no practical difference to the offeror, since the letter was delivered on time, so acceptance by this method was held binding.. Whether the offeror states that acceptance can be made by post, even though the offer may have been made in some other way. * Whether previous negotiations, or â€Å"course of dealing†, between the parties have established that is is normal to reply by post. If one of these situations apply, then it will generally be considered reasonable to accept by post. On the other hand, if the offer has been made in so me other, more direct way, for example by telephone, by word of mouth, or in some other form indicating a fast reply, then postal cceptance would not normally be considered reasonable, unless the offeror says so. Therefore, postal rule is not applicable to this cases and Mrs. Turner was not bound to this acceptance. Forming contracts electronically is becoming increasingly common and there are many issues which businesses need to be aware of. How is a contract formed? Requirements may differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but in general, no particular form of communication is required to create a contract. In the countries we usually deal with, it may be done verbally, or in writing or electronically (through e-mail, electronic data exchange or a website). It is important to remember that however a contract is formed, the same basic legal requirements must be satisfied. There must be: 1. A valid offer has been made by one party to another 2. The offer has been accepted by the other party or parties 3. There is an intention by all parties to create legal relations when they entered into the contract 4. The promises made within the contract are for valuable consideration 5. The terms of the contract are certain. In this fast paced IT driven environment, correspondence via email has had a significant impact on how business is conducted and consequently, the formation of contracts. Instant emailing has impacted on the speed and ease at which emails can be sent. In addition, their perceived informality has served the purpose of increasing the flow and level of communication which may pass between negotiating parties. In Kenya, the Kenya Information and Communication Act (Chapter 411, Laws of Kenya) which under Sections 83J and 83K incorporate various provisions that recognize the formation of a valid contract via email. Recent case law from the UK now suggests that a chain of email correspondence can constitute a binding agreement, taking cognizance of the fact that in reality not all commercial agreements may be reduced in their entirety to one concise executed document. In the event of a dispute, the Courts play the role of firstly determining whether a contract was formed and if so, the respective rights and obligations of the parties. These decisions are significant as they also impact on contract negotiations in Kenya via email and the resultant risk of unknowingly accepting binding obligations resulting in a binding contract. The following decided cases illustrate judicial interpretation of contracts concluded by email: a. In  Nicholas Prestige Homes v. Neal  [2010] EWCA Civ 1552, the U. K Court of Appeal held that a binding contract was created as a result of a chain of emails, where in response to a Property Agency attaching an agency agreement, the property owner replied â€Å"that’s fine†. The property agency successfully claimed damages for breach of contract when the property owner subsequently sold the property through a different agency. b. In  Golden Ocean Group Limited v. Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ano. , (2011) EWHC 56 (Comm), the U. K. High Court held that a series of emails, could arguably create a binding guarantee. The case involved an agreement and guarantee for the chartering of a vessel over a period of ten (10) years. When the charterers refused to take delivery of the vessel, they were sued on the foot of the guarantee. While no final version of the agreement or guarantee were ever signed, the High Court held that it was arguable that not only did the chain of emails between the parties create a sufficiently certain guarantee but that the emails and the electronically printed signature of the person sending them satisfied the Statute of Frauds 1677 (which requires that certain agreements must be in writing and signed). The court was able to look back through the earlier emails to discern the terms of the Agreement. Clarke J. held at paragraph 63 that: â€Å"63. As to good commercial sense, it seems to me highly desirable that the law should give effect to agreements made by a series of email communications, which follow, more clearly than many negotiations between men of business, the sequence of offer, counter offer and final acceptance by which, classically, the law determines whether a contract has been made. This is particularly so when charter parties with guarantees are often negotiated and concluded by the sort of email exchange seen in this case; and are not necessarily followed by a drawn-up charter†. Given the above, it is paramount that parties should carefully monitor email correspondence and documentation passing via email during pre-contractual negotiations. The importance of this cannot be emphasized enough. Extra care must also be taken when replying to an email as part of a chain, clarifying what parts of the preceding email are being replied to. Task 3 Mrs. Turner’s nursery has now opened and has recruited well. She is concerned as to the different types of liabilities, which she may be affected by during the course of her business and would appreciate it if you could write to her regarding this. Explain the different types of liabilities and along with examples. Answer A liability is a debt assumed by a business entity as a result of its borrowing activities or other fiscal obligations (such as funding pension plans for its employees). Liabilities are paid off under either short-term or long-term arrangements. The amount of time allotted to pay off the liability is typically determined by the size of the debt; large amounts of money usually are borrowed under long-term plans. Payment of a liability generally involves payment of the total sum of the amount borrowed. In addition, the business entity that provides the money to the borrowing institution typically charges interest, figured as a percentage of the amount that has been lent. A company’s liabilities are critical factors in understanding its status in any industry in which it is involved. As John Brozovsky noted in  Journal of Commercial Lending, â€Å"a basic understanding of accounting for liabilities is necessary to assess the viability of any company. Companies are required to follow certain accounting rules; however, the rules allow onsiderable flexibility in how a company accounts for liabilities. † There are 3 main liability categories – current liabilities, long-term liabilities and contingent liabilities. 1. Current Liabilities Current liabilities are short-term financial obligations that are paid off within one year or one current operating cycle,  whichever  is longer. A normal operating cycle, while it varies from industry to industry, is the time f rom a company’s initial investment in inventory to the time of collection of cash from sales of that inventory or of products created from that inventory. Typical current liabilities include such  accrued expenses  as wages, taxes, and interest payments not yet paid;  accounts payable; short-term notes; cash dividends; and revenues collected in advance of actual delivery of goods or services. Economists, creditors, investors, and other members of the financial community all regard a business entity’s current liabilities as an important indicator of its overall fiscal health. One financial indicator associated with liabilities that is often studied is known as working capital. Working capital refers to the dollar difference between a business’s total current liabilities and its total current assets. Another financial  barometer  that examines a business’s current liabilities is known as the current ratio. Creditors and others compute the current ratio by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities, which provides the company’s ratio of assets to liabilities. For example, a company with $1. 5 million in current assets and $500,000 in current liabilities would have a three-to one ratio of assets to liabilities. 2. Long-term Liabilities Liabilities that are not paid off within a year, or within a business’s operating cycle, are known as long-term or noncurrent liabilities. Such liabilities often involve large sums of money necessary to undertake opening of a business, major expansion of a business, replace assets, or make a purchase of significant assets. Such debt typically requires a longer period of time to pay off. Examples of long-term liabilities include notes, mortgages, lease obligations,  deferred  income taxes  payable, and pensions and other post-retirement benefits. When debt that has been classified as long-term is paid off within the next year, the amount of that paid-off liability should be reported by the company as a current liability in order to reflect the expected drain on current assets. An exception to this rule, however, comes into effect if a company decides to pay off the liability through the transfer of noncurrent assets that have been previously accumulated for that very purpose. 3. Contingent Liabilities A third kind of liability accrued by companies is known as a contingent liability. The term refers to instances in which a company reports that there is a possible liability for an event, transaction, or incident that has already taken place; the company, however, does not yet know whether a financial drain on its resources will result. It also is often uncertain of the size of the financial obligation or the exact time that the obligation might have to be paid. Contingent liabilities often come into play when a lawsuit or other legal measure has been taken against a company. An as yet  unresolved  lawsuit concerning a business’s products or service, for example, would qualify as a contingent liability. Environmental cleanup and/or protection responsibility sometimes falls under this classification as well, if the monetary impact of new regulations or penalties on a company is uncertain. Companies are legally bound to report contingent liabilities. They are typically recorded in notes that are attached to a company’s financial statement rather than as an actual part of the financial statement. If a loss due to a contingent liability is seen as probable, however, it should be included as part of the company’s financial statement. References: Answers. 2012, Dec 24). Retrieved from Gale Encylopedia of Small Business: Liabilities: http://www. answers. com/topic/liabilities-2#ixzz2FvSlFuj9 Brozovsky,John. (March 1994). A Review of Changes Affecting Accounting for Liabilities. Journal of Commercial Lending. Contractual Agreement – offer and acceptance. (2012, Dec 25). Retrieved from e-lawresources. co. uk: http://e-lawresources. co. uk/Offer-and-acceptance-contract. p hp Four Essential Elements of a Contract. (2012, Dec 18). Retrieved from Small Business Development Corporation: http://www. smallbusiness. wa. ov. au/four-essential-elements-of-a-contract/ Harkness Henry ; Co. (2012, Dec 30). Forming Contracts Electronically. Retrieved from FindLaw – Practical legal articles from FinLaw New Zealand: http://www. findlaw. com/12international/countries/nz/articles/872. html Iseme, Kamau ; Maema Advocates. (2013, Dec 30). Formation of Contracts by Email. Retrieved from Iseme, Kamau ; Maema Advocates: http://ikm. co. ke/node/66 Lee Mei Pheng; Ivan Jeron Detta. (2009). Business Law. Oxford University Press. Marry Charman. (2007). Contract Law, 4th Edition. William Publishing. PainSmith. (2012, Dec 24). Understanding â€Å"Subject to Contract†. Retrieved from PainSmith Landlard and Tenant Blog: http://blog. painsmith. co. uk/2010/08/03/understanding-subject-to-contract/ Sharon Christensen. (2012). Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post? Law and Justice Journal. Wiliams, Georgina; Thomas J. Phillips, Jr. (February 1994). Cleaning Up Our Act: Accounting for Environmental Liabilities. Management Accounting. Winicur, Barbara. (January 1993). Long Term Liabilities. National Public Accountant. How to cite Business Law. MBA 6163, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

The Death of a Family Member Essay Sample free essay sample

The decease of a household member is considered to be the most traumatic life experience. The fact of decease has great influence on the outlook of every individual. Shock is a fist reactions of a individual on the dead intelligence. Peoples who experience this heartache are frequently unable to do up their head to such a loss. They do non desire to believe that person from their household members will neer be with them. They can non confront with this devastated world. The decease of a household member is a whole life injury. Emotional reaction to decease can be unpredictable. It is necessary to be ready to any reaction from relatives’ side whatever it may be. Death happens in different ways and depends on a assortment of fortunes. It can be gradual. violent. sudden or even â€Å"mystique. † Gradual decease is closely connected with long-run unwellness like malignant neoplastic disease. for illustration. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of a Family Member Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In such instances relations know that their household member is sick and can decease at any clip. They are partially ready for this loss. Sometimes household members must do hard determinations refering the care of life-support systems. Gradual decease about does non hold so called â€Å"suddenness effect† . It is predictable in most instances. That is why it is non so flooring. The same thing can non be said about sudden or violent decease. In instances of sudden decease ( through accident. self-destruction. slaying or even sudden unwellness ) the staying spouse or household members will non hold had clip to expect the oncoming loss. This of course leads to severe depression and daze. Hopelessness can besides be a consequence of sudden decease when staying household members are forced to confront the absence of a loved one instantly and without warning. Hideous accident. slaying. or self-destruction can even take to â€Å"life-threatening† reactions on the portion of other household members. â€Å"Mystique† decease is besides really flooring. The â€Å"disappearance† of a kid. for illustration. can make uncertainness among other relations. While hopes may be kept alive. they are undermined by a â€Å"fear of the worst† . that can bring forth serious depressive unwellness in household members. An y sort of the decease of a household member will ever be a considerable injury for the remainder of the household and other relations.